What follows is an attempt to give a detailed picture of the tools and techniques used by early European papermakers to make high-quality book and writing papers. After 1800, however, the craft was rapidly changed by various “improvements,” including the papermaking machine, the universal acceptance of the Hollander beater, chlorine bleach, rosin and alum internal size, and the introduction of impure wood-pulp fibers as a substitute for rags. In the late 1700s traditional methods were still in use in many mills. ![]() The 1300 through 1800 period, however, represents the rise and the slow but certain decline of hand papermaking as a major industry. Some have questioned ending at 1800 when the real trouble with paper stability was just beginning. The following essay describes the materials and techniques used to make paper by hand in Europe between 13 CE.
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